economic importance of algae

Must be remember

• Food prepared from Laminaria    -    Kombu
• Food prepared from Alaria           -    Sarumen
• Most important red algae used as  humen food - Porphyra umblicus, P. perforeta (It is   called  Nori  in Japan, Laver  in england and united states,  Sloke  in Scotland,  Luche in Southern Chil)
• Name of algae which is source of Vitamin A,B,C,D,E - Porphyra ( Class- Pheophyceae ) 
• Porphyra algae ( 100 gm) - 11.4 gm water, 35.6 gm protein, 0.75 gm fat, 44.3 gm carbohydrates, 8.0 gm vitamin A, B, C etc. 
• Alaria, ulva, Sargassum, Laminaria used as vegetables. 

• Algae which used as salad - Ulva lactuca( Sea Lettuce ) and Ulva fasciata
• Algae used in ice-creams and various other food - Chondrus crispus ( Irish moss)
• Algae used as food in space flight because it's protein have all essential aminoacids  - Chlorella (Green algae)
• Chlorella - 30 ℅ protein ( 17 types amino acid s) , 15 ℅ lipids, 30 ℅ carbohydrates , Vitamin A, C,Thymin, Ribofellipsodia.
• In Japan, Chlorella ellipsodia  used in tea. 
• Algae used as food in China, Java etc, called Yuyucho - Nostoc commune
• Algae used as superfood and extensively cultivated - Spirulina (BGA) (Rich in protein)
• Work on cultivation of Scenedesmus acutus and Spirulina platensis for food and feed is being carried out at all india level since 1976.
• Gracilaria edulis is consumed as a Porridge or Kanji in certain coastal regions of Tamil Nadu. It's also used as a leafy vegetable in some areas.
• In India, algae used as food- sargassum Rhodymenia, Codium, Acanthophora. 
• Agar -agar, jelly like mucilaginous carbohydrate, also known as Japanese Isinglass, japene gelatin or Kanten obtained from genera of Rhodophyceae-Gelidium, Glacilaria, Chondrus and  phyllophora which is used 1. in laboratory as culture media and gel electrophoresis, 2. in packing canned food, 3. in treatment of constipation, 4. in cosmetic, leather and textile industries.
• Source of Carrageenin ( carragheen or carrageenan) - cell wall of  Chondrus crispus ( Irish moss) and Gigartina mamillosa

• Carrageenin made up of D- Galactose residues which are esterified with sulphate ( Sulphated polysaccharide ).Uses - 1. in the preparation of paint , cosmatics, toothpaste. 2. in textile, leather finishing ,brewing and pharmaceutical industries 3. as blood coagulants.
• Alginates, or Algin, or alginic acid ( important component of phycocolloids that consist of a mixture of polysaccharides)  obtained from - cell wall of brown algae Laminaria, Macrocystis, Fucus and Ascophyllum. 
•  USES - 1. to thicken and gel food products like ice cream, jellies, and sauces. 2. to coat fruits and vegetables, extending their shelf life.3. in wound dressings 4. as scaffolds for growing and regenerating tissues. 5. for creating dental impressions 6.  in some medications for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 7. in cosmetics like lotions, creams, and toothpastes as a thickener and stabilizer. 8. in textile printing as a thickener for reactive dyes. 9. in various industrial processes, including waterproofing and fireproofing fabrics. 
• Algae used as fodder for cattles - Sargassum, Laminaria, Macrocystis, Fucus and Ascophyllum
• Algae used as a supplementary feed for large scale farming of milk - fish Chanos chanos - Gracilaria verrucosa and Enteromorpha intestinalis.
• In Singapur , algae used as feed for Pigs - Ulva lactuca
• Funori glue obtained from red algae , Gloiopeltis genus, with G. furcata, G. tenax, and G. complanata.While funori is used in various parts of the world, it is particularly well-known for its use in Japan for centuries. Funori is widely used in conservation and restoration, especially for paper and canvas, and as a fixative for paint layers. 
• Diatomites , or  Diatomaceous earth or Kieselguhr or celite - obtained from cell wall of Diatoms. When diatoms die, their silica shells settle to the bottom and accumulate over time, forming diatomite deposits.The resulting rock is typically composed of around 90% silica, with the remainder consisting of other compounds like aluminum and iron oxides. In 1836 or 1837, German peasant Peter Kasten discovered diatomaceous earthwhen sinking a well on the northern slopes of the Haußelberg hill, on Lüneburg Heath in North Germany. Major producers of diatomite include the United States, China, Spain, and Turkey. Uses - 1.  as a filter medium in various industries, including swimming pool filtration, beer and wine making, and food and beverage processing. 2. useful as an absorbent for liquids, spills, and even as an anti-caking agent in agriculture and food industries. 3. as an insecticide due to its abrasive properties and ability to dehydrate insects. 4. in various other applications, including as a carrier for chemicals, filler material in paints and plastics, and even as an ingredient in dynamite.
• Source of Iodine - Laminaria , Ascophyllum, Fucus,  Macrocystis
• Source of bromine - Red algae Rhodomela,  Rhodymenia and  Polysiphonia.While red algae are a more prominent source of bromine, brown algae also accumulate bromine, along with iodine. Species like Laminaria digitata, Fucus vesiculosus, Pelvetia canaliculata, Saccharina latissima, and Undaria pinnatifida have been studied for their bromine content. 
• Source of potash - Sargassum
• First antibiotic which obtained from algae - Chlorellin
• Chlorellin extracted from -  Chlorella (Single - cell Green algae)
• Ascophyllin obtained from - Ascophyllum
• Algae which is used in T.W. Engelmann's prism experiment -  Cladophora 
• Algae used in Hammerling experiment -Acetabularia ( a unicellular green alga, also known as the mermaid's wine glass or umbrella plant, characterized by its large, single nucleus located in the base. Hammerling used Acetabularia to demonstrate the role of the nucleus in heredity and development by grafting experiments involving the exchange of its stalk and rhizoid (base). 
• Ruben and Kamen's experiment utilized algae Chlorella and Scenedesmus to demonstrate that the oxygen produced during photosynthesis comes from water, not carbon dioxide. They used radioactive oxygen-18 to label the water and trace its path through the photosynthetic process, proving that the oxygen released was derived from the water. 
• Valonia for cytoplasmic streaming. 
• Algae used in agriculture as biofertilizer - BGA (Cynobacteria ) like Nostoc, Occilatoria formosa, Anabaena, and Aulosira fix atmospheric nitrogen and enrich soil fertility. Widely used in Paddy fields to increase yields.
• Seaweed liquid fertilizer - Extracts from algae like Sargassum, Glacilaria  are used as organic fertilizers and growth promoters in agriculture. 
• Algae produce compounds like plant hormones, antimicrobial substances, and other bioactive molecules that can act as biopesticides. Examples-Microalgae, Chlorella vulgari  Fischerella sp., Brown Algae: - Species like Sargassum wightii, Ulva fasciata.
• Chara and Nitella have larvicidal properties,meaning they can kill mosquito larvae.
• Algae which is used in reclamation of Usar land - Nostoc, Scytonema, Anabaena, Aulosira, and Oscillatoria. 
• Rhodymenia palmata, also known as dulse, has been chewed like tobacco in Scotland.
• Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cause most harmful algal blooms in fresh water.
• Diatoms and Dinoflagellates (red tides) cause most harmful algal blooms in salt water .
• Antihelmenthic drug obtained from algae, Digenea simplex - Tse -ko-Tsoi
• Microcystin obtained from algae, Oscillatoria agardhii. 
• Algae produce a compound Domic acid (neurotoxin) - Pseudonitzschia.
• Algae which possess bactericidal properties against Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium - Cladophora and Lyngbya
• In Japan, making artificial wool from which algae - Sargassum. 
• Phycoremediation:
•   Algae, particularly microalgae, are used in wastewater treatment to remove pollutants through various  mechanisms, including biosorption, bioaccumulation, and intracellular degradation.
• Algae used in Wastewater Treatment:

•         Chlorella  used to treat industrial wastewater, removing     organic xenobiotics, COD, and color. 

•         Spirulina has been shown to mitigate heavy metal           toxicity in wastewater. 

         Numerous microalgal species, including Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Botryococcus, Phormidium, Limnospira, and Chlamydomonas have been shown to be effective in the bioremediation of nutrients, emerging contaminants, and pathogens from wastewater. 

• Parasitic algae -  Red rust of tea - Cepheluros virescence 
• Red rust of coffee - Cepheluros coffee

Reference: 

https://www.cdc.gov/harmful-algal-blooms/about/types-of-harmful-algal-blooms.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth

https://www.google.com/search?q=diatomites+found+in+world&sca_esv=b0a6a50bf49897c6&sxsrf=AE3TifOOM7fiYmeog4zL2ikd4Utjqt3Bdg%3A1750575582727&ei=3qlXaLqWLL